Pearl Harbor Essays (1515 words) - Attack On Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor On 7 December 1941 the greatest disaster in United States history occurred. Truly this was and is, A date which will live in infamy.(Costello 1), but not for the bombing of Pearl Harbor, rather for the deception and the mis-guidance used by the Government and Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a purely artificial chess game Roosevelt sacrificed over 2400 American Seamens lives, thanks to his power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. By over-looking the obvious facts of an attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt was able to control both the political and economic systems of the United States. Most of American society before the Pearl Harbor bombing believed in the idea of isolationism. Franklin D. Roosevelt knew this, and knew the only way in which United States countrymen would take arms and fight in Europes War was to be an overt action against the United States by a member of the Axis Power. Roosevelt also believed Hitler would not declare war on the United States unless he knew they were beatable. There are numerous accounts of actions by Roosevelt and his top armed forces advisors, which reveal they were not only aware of an attack by Japan, but also they were planning on it, and instigating that attack. On 7 October 1940, Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum, head of the Far East desk of the Office of Naval Intelligence, wrote the eight-action memo. This memo outlined eight different steps the United States could do that he predicted would lead to an attack by Japan on the United States. The day after this memo was giving to Franklin D. Roosevelt, he began to implement these steps. By the time that Japan finally attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, all eight steps had occurred (Willy 1). The eight steps consisted of two main subject areas; the first being a sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack, the second being a forceful control on Japans trade and economy. The main subject area of the eight-action memo was the sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack. McCollum called for the United States to make arrangements with both Britain (Action A) and Holland (Action B), for the use of military facilities and acquisition of supplies in both Singapore and Indonesia. He also suggested for the deployment of a division of long-range heavy cruisers (Action D) and two divisions of submarines (Action E) to the Orient. The last key factor McCollum called for was to keep the United States Fleet in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands (Action F). Roosevelt personally took charge of Actions D and E; these actions were called pop up cruises. Roosevelt had this to say about the cruises, I just want them to keep popping up here and there and keep the Japs guessing (Stinnett 9). With the fleet located around Hawaii and particularly in Pearl Harbor a double-sided sword was created; it allowed for quicker deployment times into South Pacif ic Water, but more importantly it lacked many fundamental military needs, and was vulnerable due to its geographic location. To understand the true vulnerability of Pearl Harbor one must look at Oahu, the Hawaiian Island that the military base is located. The North part of the island is all mountains, these mountains hinder the vision of military look out points, making an attack from the North virtually a surprise until the sound of fighter planes are over head. There were many key military needs that were missing from Pearl Harbor, and they were; a lack of training facilities, lack of large-scale ammunition and fuel supplies, lack of support craft such as tugs and repair ships, and a lack of overhaul facilities such as dry-docking and machine shops. Commander in Chief, United States Fleet - Admiral James O. Richardson, was outraged when he was told by President Roosevelt of his plans on keeping the fleet in Hawaiian Waters. Richardson knew of the problems and vulnerability of Pearl Harbor, the safety of his men and warships was paramount. In a luncheon with Roosevelt, Richardson confronted the President, and by doing so ended his military career. Four months later Richardson

Taking the SAT, ACT or SAT Subject Test Consider These Study Tips

Taking the SAT, ACT or SAT Subject Test Consider These Study Tips Tips for Preparing for the SAT, ACT, and SAT Subject Test Tips for Preparing for the SAT, ACT, and SAT Subject Test Ways to Improve Your Exam Performance Getting ready to apply to college? If you have top-tier schools on your list, getting a high score on the SAT or ACT is a must. It is not enough to believe you already know the information; you are strongly advised to prepare thoroughly as opposed to simply winging it. This article provides you with some tried-and-true advice that can make taking either exam a whole lot easier. First, it might be useful to think about the SAT or ACT in the same way that you would think about a game. If you are able to come up with a winning strategy, you can learn how to master either exam. Here is your game plan as you are prepping for either or both tests. Take Practice Exams Based on the Actual Conditions that You will Face Students who score high on the ACT and SAT always go into the exam knowing exactly what to expect. This starts by taking practice exams on a regular basis. We do not mean just casually trying to answer questions when you want. We are talking about simulating the actual environment that you will encounter when you take the real deal. This means allotting the same amount of time for each section as you will on the actual test, taking the same 5 and 10 minute breaks that will be permitted, no listening to music or talking on the phone, or otherwise engaging in activities that would be forbidden when youre in the test center. There are plenty of websites that offer free full practice exams and you can also buy official study guides or those equally effective ones made by The Princeton Review. Identify the Easy and Difficult Questions When tackling the math questions on either the SAT or ACT, keep in mind that the easiest questions are at the beginning of the section and then they increase in terms of difficulty. If you are stumped on any question, skip it for the time being and go back once you have finished answering the questions you know. The questions are all weighed the same on both tests, so it is not to your advantage if you focus on the difficult ones at the expense of the ones you find easier. Note that the SAT and ACT diverge in one very significant way: you will actually be penalized for getting answers wrong on the SAT where as you are not on the ACT. For this reason, you have nothing to lose by filling in all the answers on the ACT even if you have to just guess. On the SAT, in the unlikely event that you cannot eliminate even a single answer choice, you are better off leaving it blank. But if you can reduce it down to a couple of choices, you should take a guess. Time Management Is Important The amount of time to answer the questions is limited, so make sure to make the most of your time. During the course of prepping for the exams, you should have already familiarized yourself with the rules. This means there is no reason to read them again while taking the real test. You should also be able to estimate how long it takes you to answer the questions based on evaluating your test question results. While it has already been mentioned, we want to stress again that if you cannot make a decision about a certain question, you should move on to the next one. Why waste 5 minutes on one question when that time could have been spent correctly answering 3 other questions? Read the Questions Carefully Misunderstanding the meaning of a question can have a big impact on the results. In particular, the folks who design the test will often intentionally writing a question in such a way that a misinterpretation can lead to the incorrect answer. You could also find that a couple of answer options both seem reasonable if understood in different context. For this reason, you would really want to make sure that you understand exactly what is being asked. While you certainly do not want to take your sweet time, you also should not overly rush things. Practice Makes Perfect This expression is probably overused, but it is nonetheless very applicable. As you are organizing your study schedule, devote each day to a different section of the exam. Take the time to identify your strengths and weaknesses. While you would still benefit from answering questions from sections that you are clearly good at since you will want to keep your skills sharp, you should devote more time to improving upon your weak points for the sake of time efficiency. In addition, as you are answering practice questions, do not just examine the incorrect answers, you should also see what you did right. When the answer is correct, determine whether it was just an educated guess or based on a clear understanding of the information. As you assess your incorrect answers, determine the reasons for it as well. Are you simply misunderstanding the questions? Are you rushing through the test? Do you need to brush up on your math or vocabulary skills? You are never going to improve your practice exam results merely by taking them over and over again, you need to know what went wrong and how to improve it. If You Are Unhappy with the Results, Take the Test Again If you get an awesome score the first time you take the SAT or ACT, that is one less thing to worry about as you work on the application process. But if you did not do as well as you had hoped, you really have nothing to lose by taking it again. In fact, if you manage to do better the second time around, admissions committees have been known to take that into account when deciding whether to invite you. With the SAT, if you retake the test a few times, some colleges will actually combine your best section scores from multiple tests. However, regarding the ACT, schools will just take your best score and disregard the others.

SELECTION FROM THE SUMMA THEOLOGIAE, ON CHARITY Essay

SELECTION FROM THE SUMMA THEOLOGIAE, ON CHARITY - Essay Example The first component of â€Å"charity itself† forms the centre of discussion in this essay. It consists of two perspectives, which include itself and charity considered as itself. This essay narrows this discussion to the aspects of† itself† which consists of eights points of inquiry. They include For the case of charity, being friendship is not true. Charity is not friendship because nothing is so convenient as to reside with one’s friend. This is objection is attributed to the philosophers2. In addition, charity is exercised by man to God but does not exist with men. This implies that charity is not friendship. According to the bible, Christ cements true friendship. This is where the fear of God and the learning of the divine scriptures bring men together. Contrary to this, Jo.xv.15 quotes â€Å"I will not now call you servants...but my friends† according to the philosophers’ argument, this statement was said by reason and not based on charity. This implies that charity is friendship. It is noticeable that not each aspects or character consists of friendship. For instance, the well wishing in itself does not suffice for friendship for certain common love. On the second article â€Å"whether charity is something created in the soul† the objection to this statement is attributed to the aspect of God is charity; God is a spirit (De Trin. Ix.17). This implies that charity is not something that can be created in the soul, but remains God Himself. A further objection is attributed to the fact that God is life of the soul spiritually just as the soul remains life of the body, according to Deut. Xxx.20. However, on the contrary, Augustine argues that, by charity the movement of the soul towards the enjoyment of God for His own sake. This implies that charity is created in the soul. On equal measure the argument goes further to define God’s acts as powerful and perfect. This follows that, charity is created in the soul, because it’s God’s act,